Long noncoding rnas structures and functions riki kurokawa. Prediction of rna secondary structure by free energy minimization. Insights from global analyses of long noncoding rnas in breast cancer andrew j. Guo h ighthroughput rna sequencing studies have revealed pervasive transcription of the human genome, which generates a variety of long noncoding rnas lncrnas that have no apparent proteincoding functions 1. Atrial fibrillation af is a common arrhythmia with serious clinical sequelae, yet little is known about its genetic origins. The recognition that rnas can exert functions as both regulatory molecules and as information carriers to encode protein. Similarly, long noncoding rnas are also identified as the key players in the developmental process, and many of them are differentially expressed during development. Exploring the roles of fecundityrelated long noncoding. Mechanisms of long noncoding rna function in development. Long noncoding rnas in cardiovascular diseases circulation.
In some cases, it appears that simply the act of noncoding rna transcription is sufficient to positively or negatively affect the expression of nearby genes. Sepsis is a major cause of death and its incidence and mortality increase exponentially with age. Technologies to probe functions and mechanisms of long. Here, we highlight recent efforts that have identified a myriad of molecular functions for long noncoding rnas. The lncrnas field is still very young, new insights into lncrnas function are emerging to a greater understanding of biological processes. Sencr indicates smooth muscle and endothelial cellenriched migrationdifferentiationassociated long noncoding rna. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are defined as rnas over 200 nucleotides in length without proteincoding ability and have essential functions for a range of biological processes 4.
Ijms free fulltext current insights into long noncoding. A diverse catalog of long noncoding rnas lncrnas, which lack proteincoding potential, are transcribed from the mammalian genome. In this study, we found that cervical carcinoma highexpressed lncrna 1 lncrnacche1 was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissues. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas only about 1%2% of the human genome is proteincoding, while more than 90% is thought to carry nonproteincoding information with other functions or at least with indices of functions. Insights into the functions of lncrnas in drosophila. Approaches for understanding the mechanisms of long noncoding. Long noncoding rna cche1 promotes cervical cancer cell. This contributed volume offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the various aspects of long noncoding rnas and discusses their emerging it seems that youre in usa. Long non coding rnas are emerging as a class with wide.
Their functions are closely linked to their interaction with rna. The multidimensional mechanisms of long noncoding rna. In addition, many long noncoding rnas are processed to yield small rnas or, conversely, modulate how other rnas are processed. However, the roles and functional mechanisms of lncrnas in cervical cancer remain largely unknown. We searched lncrnas associated with gastric cancer in pubmed. Long noncoding rnas and their epigenetic function in. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas constitute a heterogenic class of rnas that includes, for example, intergenic lncrnas, antisense transcripts, and enhancer rnas.
It is thus becoming increasingly clear that long noncoding rnas can function via numerous paradigms and are key regulatory molecules in the cell. It may be best to avoid blanket statements about structure, function, and mechanism. The recent discovery that most of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed has focused interest on the importance of non coding transcripts. Recently, the untranscribed 98% of the human genome has been increasingly implicated in important processes such as cardiac organogenesis, physiology, and pathophysiology. Long noncoding rnas involvement in epsteinbarr virus.
Initiation of transcription generates divergence of long noncoding rnas. Largescale study of long noncoding rna functions based. Pdf insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in. Roles and regulation of long noncoding rnas in hepatocellular. It is also established that much of the genomic sequence between proteincoding genes is transcribed into long noncoding rnas. Recent studies have identified hundreds of long noncoding rnas showing significant high expression profiles in both embryonic as well as ipscs. Mammalian spermatogenesis is the process by which male germline cells divide and differentiate into mature spermatozoa. The multidimensional mechanisms of long noncoding rna function. Targeting long noncoding rnas in nervous system cancers. Specifically, long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been shown to interact with the transcriptome in. Furthermore, studying isoformspecific functions may provide new insights into lncrna gene function 10. Noncoding rnas are known to play a regulatory role in many developmental contexts, including adipogenesis, and several micrornas have been identified that positively or negatively regulate adipogenesis 11, 12. Recent advances in the nonprotein coding part of human genome analysis have discovered extensive transcription of large rna transcripts that lack coding protein function, termed noncoding rna ncrna. Jun 22, 2018 mechanical ventilation can cause ventilatorinduced lung injury vili and lung fibrosis.
Ashrafreprogramming of skeletal myoblasts for induction of pluripotency for tumor free cardiomyogenesis in the infracted. In vertebrates, thousands of loci in each species produce a class of transcripts called long noncoding rnas lncrnas that are typically expressed at low levels and do not appear to give rise to functional proteins. Eukaryotic genomes are pervasively transcribed, with tens of thousands of rnas emanating from uni and bidirectional promoters and from active enhancers. Recent studies have uncovered thousands of long noncoding rnas lncrnas that populate the cancer genome. This book presents a common principle of actions of long noncoding rnas lncrnas from points of view at the atomic, molecular and cellular levels. Landscape of transcription and long noncoding rnas reveals. Long noncoding rnas play a crucial role in hepatocellular carcinoma. Rna sequencing is a powerful means for detecting vitally important proteincoding transcripts and long noncoding rnas lncrnas on a genomewide scale, which may be helpful for reducing this knowledge gap. Jan 23, 2014 in this issue of blood, alvarezdominguez et al use a combination of genomics technology, bioinformatics, and functional analyses to provide new insights into our understanding of the role of long noncoding rnas lncrnas in erythropoiesis. Long non coding rnas lncrnas can play important roles in uterine and ovarian functions. They have been implicated in a range of biological processes and diseases and are emerging as key regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post. Recent studies provide first insights into the regulation and function of lncrnas.
Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are nonproteincoding transcripts in the genome which vary in expression levels and length and perform diverse functions. The recent discovery that most of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed has focused interest on the importance of noncoding transcripts. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been shown to play important roles in carcinogenesis and progression. Research on lncrnas may provide novel insights into the mechanism of differentiation process of the stem cell which is important for the application of stem cell therapy.
Long noncoding rnas serve as new diagnosis and treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Long noncoding rnas and human disease sciencedirect. According to their size, ncrnas are divided into two groups. So far, the identification of lncrnas has been limited to a few model plant species, and their roles in mediating responses to paulownia tomentosa that free of phytoplasma infection are yet to be characterized. At the atomic level, chemical studies of ribonucleic acids explain the chemical behavior of lncrnas. Since decades it has been known that nonproteincoding rnas have important cellular functions. Lncrnas have been implicated in the regulation of transcription factors and chromatinremodeling complexes 1,9. Jan 09, 2015 discovery and annotation of long noncoding rnas posted by. The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and. They are emerging as important regulators in gene expression.
After a decade of research, we are beginning to understand the functionality of this vast set of long noncoding transcripts. The functions of micrornas and long noncoding rnas in. Mammalian genomes encode tens of thousands of long noncoding rnas. Recent studies suggest that the majority of the human genome is transcribed, but only about 2% accounts for proteincoding exons. Moreover, alternative splicing can lead to the formation of circular rnas. Here we provide an overview on the emerging role of long noncoding rnas lncrnas in the regulation of adipocyte development and metabolism and discuss the implications of the rnaprotein regulatory interface in metabolic control. Despite many identified lncrnas and pseudogenes, few have been clearly elucidated. Long noncoding rnas with enhancerlike function in human cells. The potential role of long noncoding rnas in hepatocellular carcinoma. Shortlived long noncoding rnas as surrogate indicators for. Long noncoding rnas in innate and adaptive immunity. Molecular function of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein k hnrnpk and long noncoding rnas lncrnas interaction. Mechanisms and functions of long noncoding rnas at. However, with the advance of highresolution microarray and massively parallel sequencing technology, it has been well accepted that at least 90% of the human genome is actively transcribed into noncoding rnas ncrnas, while less than 2% of the genome sequences encodes proteins.
According to transcriptomic and bioinformatics studies, there are thousands of ncrnas classified into different categories based on their functions and lengths including transfer rna trna, ribosomal rna rrna, microrna mirna, and long ncrna lncrna to name a few. Emerging evidence showed that long noncoding rnas lncrna play a protagonist role in regulating the expression of genes in plants. It is an androgendependent process that overrides somatic cell and germ cell interactions. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas, generally longer than 200 nucleotides and with poor protein coding potential, are usually considered collectively as a heterogeneous class of rnas. The complex universe of rna transcribed by mammalian cells includes thousands of large rna. Insights into function find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Here, we focus on the long noncoding steroid receptor rna activator sra, including new insights into its effects on gene expression, the cell. Long noncoding rnas long ncrnas, lncrna are a type of rna, defined as being transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. New insights into long noncoding rnas and pseudogenes in. Kumarswamy et al 102 used lncrna arrays to identify circulating long noncoding rnas in plasma samples. Cytoplasmic functions of long noncoding rnas noh 2018. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are functional rnas longer than 200 nucleotides. New insights into the interplay between noncoding rnas.
In this study, we performed coexpression network analysis of proteincoding and lncrnas measured in. Apr 29, 2015 long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been shown to play important roles in carcinogenesis and progression. Identification of novel long noncoding rnas underlying. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides found throughout the cell that lack protein.
Lncrnas are involved in a wide range of cellular mechanisms, from almost all aspects of gene expression to protein. A new class of transcripts, long noncoding rnas lncrnas, has been recently found to be pervasively transcribed in the genome. Thousands of long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been discovered, but their functional characterization has been slowed by a limited set of research tools. Although the regulation of lncrnas has clearly been documented in different disease models using tissue samples and cells of human and mouse origins, the function is only known for. Function and mechanism of long noncoding rnas in adipocyte.
Subsequent studies revealed that sra also functions as an rna coactivator for other. Functional classification and experimental dissection of long. These data suggest that runxor noncoding rna may function as a previously unidentified candidate component that is involved in chromosomal translocation in hematopoietic malignancies. Insight into the biology and mechanism of lncrnas provides a basis for the understanding of the global epigenetic modifications that occur in cancer. Ua, derrien t, beringer m, gumireddy k, gardini a, bussotti g, lai f, zytnicki m, notredame c, huang q, et al. Although the current literature is dominated by short rnas, there are an increasing number of reports describing long transcripts that, rather than encoding protein. However, the progresses of its diagnosis and treatment are still not satisfactory. However, little researches have been done on the role of lncrnas in the adrenal gland of. Amongst other reasons, a large portion of the human genome is considered to be potentially noncoding due to missing sequence homologies to known proteins, the absence of. Emerging evidence has shown that many noncoding rnas ncrnas also play important cellular functions. Largescale study of long noncoding rna functions based on structure and expression features. Background a noncoding rna ncrna is a functional rna that is transcribed from a dna but does not encode a protein. Many are reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma hcc, and play key roles in tumorigenesis.
The functions of micrornas and long noncoding rnas in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Revealing the mechanism of lncrna regulation in the albino portions of leaves is important for understanding the development of chimeric leaves in ananas comosus var. Because these investigations into long noncoding rnas were performed almost exclusively in nonsmall cell lung cancer, future work will need to extend these into other respiratory diseases and to analyze how micrornas and long noncoding rnas interact to regulate mrna expression. Cellular functions of long noncoding rnas nature cell.
Long suspected as transcriptional noise, recently recognized, long noncoding rnas lncrnas are emerging as an indicator, biomarker and therapy target in the physiologic and pathologic process. Functional classification and experimental dissection of. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas, transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides, regulate gene. In this study, a total of 3,543 candidate lncrnas were identified. Most notably, long noncoding rnas lncrnas have recently gained atten. Feb 28, 2020 during this precisely regulated biological process, phasespecific gene expression is controlled posttranscriptionally by long noncoding rnas lncrnas 1, 7. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that lncrnas can involve in various critical biological processes and a number of complex human diseases. Deep sequencing recently facilitated the discovery of thousands of novel transcripts, now classified as long noncoding rnas lncrnas, in many vertebrate and invertebrate species.
Long noncoding rnas in erythropoiesis blood american. Europe pmc is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells are important source for normal and therapeutic tissue repair. The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and stem cells. The advent of novel sequencing technologies has revealed that long noncoding rnas lncrnas have been reported to play key regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress physiology. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas constitute one of the most broad and diverse classes of cellular transcripts, playing key roles as regulatory molecules in many biological processes. This somewhat arbitrary limit distinguishes long ncrnas from small noncoding rnas such as micrornas mirnas, small interfering rnas sirnas, piwiinteracting rnas pirnas, small nucleolar rnas snornas, and other short rnas. Molecular biological approaches lead to insights into molecular mechanisms of these lncrna actions. Pdf in mammals and other eukaryotes most of the genome is transcribed in a developmentally. It comprises several subtypes in terms of distinct histopathological features and different clinical presentations.
Discovery and annotation of long noncoding rnas lncrna blog. Long non coding lnc rnas are non coding rnas longer than 200 nt. Insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in sepsis revealed by gene coexpression network analysis article pdf available january 2017 with 104 reads how we measure reads. Novel long noncoding rnas are specific diagnostic and. Renal cell carcinoma rcc, the most common primary renal neoplasm, is highly aggressive and difficult to treat because of its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The role of long noncoding rnas in atrial fibrillation. Sep 06, 2017 the most important lesson from 83,000 brain scans daniel amen tedxorangecoast duration. Recently we and others have identified a class of long noncoding rnas. Molecular biology coding functions of noncoding rnas. Interestingly, highly expressed lncrnas in plasma samples.
Among the various types of nonproteincoding transcripts, a class referred to as long noncoding rnas lncrnas has attracted increasing attention. The purpose of this study is to summarize the roles of lncrnas associated with gastric cancer. Long noncoding rnas in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. The most important lesson from 83,000 brain scans daniel amen tedxorangecoast duration. These results broaden our understanding of lncrnas in adrenal gland of sheep and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sheep reproduction. Oliver,1 and wolf reik2 1mrc functional genomics unit, university of oxford, department of physiology, anatomy and genetics, south parks road, oxford. Insights from global analyses of long noncoding rnas in. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are a class of rnas that are greater than 200 nt long but lack protein coding sequence. The functions of long noncoding rnas in development and stem. However, because the vast majority of the loci transcribed into lncrnas up to 50,000 in. Examples of long noncoding rna functions in cardiomyocytes. Oct 11, 2018 increasing evidence suggests a critical role for long noncoding rnas lncrnas and pseudogenes in cancer. Recent advances in tiling array and high throughput analyses revealed that at least 87.
Lncrnas have high spatiotemporal specificity, and secondary structures have been preserved throughout evolution. Current insights into long noncoding rnas in renal cell. Insights into the function of long noncoding rnas in. Functional classification and experimental dissection of long noncoding rnas. L ong noncoding rnas, previously thought as transcriptional noise, have recently come into the limelight as functional molecules taking part in epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Spermatogenesis is a complex physiological process involving the division, differentiation, and meiosis of immature male germ cells into mature haploid. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas are a class of noncoding rnas longer than 200 nucleotides nt. Multiple lines of evidence increasingly link mutations and dysregulations of lncrnas to diverse human diseases. We categorize lncrna loci into those that regulate gene expression in cis versus those. Gastric cancer ranks as the most common cancer in the world.
1182 277 156 1465 1538 1391 1259 1532 223 848 553 209 176 269 1060 184 715 419 1355 364 1522 875 829 228 463 396 936 1211 735 550